Yes, I know the report is delay (a fair few months) and it may be slightly out of date, but in the past 30 days there has been an increased interest in our review so I’ve decided to upload the report.

To view the report click the following link: Team NVPH – Stack Overflow Report

If there are any questions, comments or concerns feel free to let me know.

Anyway, check out the questions and my answers below. If you do notice something is wrong let me know and I’ll try to fix it up. If you haven’t picked up on it yet, my answers are highlighted in the question already.

Lecture 1

1. The automatic connection between various Bluetooth devices creates a(n) piconet, also called a wireless personal area network (WPAN).
2. A WLAN is an extension of a wired LAN, connecting to it through a device called a(n) wireless access point.
3. Wireless Application Protocol version 2.0 (WAP2) provides a standard way to transmit, format, and display Internet data for small wireless devices such as cell phones.
4. Digital Convergence refers to the power of digital devices to combine voice, video, and text processing capabilities, as well as to be connected to business and home networks and the Internet.
5. A(n) Universal Handset is a 1.5-pound device that allows military personnel in the field to communicate through a variety of methods using wireless technologies.
6. Industrial control motes are remote sensors that can connect to a WLAN, then collect data and transmit it to a central location.
7. True or False: Bluetooth and WLAN 802.11b/g devices both operate in the same radio frequency, potentially resulting in interference between such devices.
8. True or False: Wireless devices emit high levels of RF while being used.

Lecture 2

1. The number of times a cycle occurs within one second equals the frequency of a wave.
2. A signal unit that represents two bits is known as a dibit.
3. The height of a carrier wave is known as the amplitude and can be measured in volts (electrical pressure).
4. Phase modulation (PM) changes the starting point of the cycle, while the amplitude and frequency of the carrier remain constant.
5. Phase shift keying (PSK) is a binary modulation technique, similar to phase modulation, in which the transmitter varies the starting point of the wave.
6. Spread spectrum is a technique that takes a narrow band signal and spreads it over a broader portion of the radio frequency band.
7. In FHSS, the sequence of changing frequencies is called the hopping code.
8. A(n) Barker code (or chipping code) is a particular sequence of 1s and 0s that has properties that make it ideal for modulating radio waves, as well as for being detected correctly by the receiver.

Lecture 3

1. A(n) amplifier essentially increases the amplitude of an RF sign.
2. Half-duplex transmission sends data in both directions, but only one way at a time.
3. True or False: Telephone systems use a type of switching known as packet switching.
4. Packet switching requires that the data transmission be broken into small units called packets.
5. A(n) directional antenna radiates the electromagnetic waves in one direction only, and can help reduce or eliminate the effect of multipath distortion if there is a clear line of sight between the two antennas.
6. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) serves as the primary regulatory agency for telecommunications.
7. The radio frequency spectrum is the entire range of all radio frequencies that exist.
8. Adaptive array processing replaces a traditional antenna with an array of antenna elements.

Lecture 4

1. A(n) isotropic radiator is a theoretical perfect sphere that radiates power equally in all directions.
2. Directional antennas are used when you need to transmit a signal in one direction only.
3. In free space loss, RF waves tend to spread away from the source of the signal (the antenna).
4. The length of a single RF sine wave, or the wavelength, is what determines the size of an antenna.
5. Smart antennas “know” where the mobile receiver is, and can track it and focus the RF energy in that particular direction to avoid wasting energy and to prevent interference with other antennas.
6. In most wireless communications applications, one transmitter communicates with several mobile clients. This is called a(n) point-to-multipoint wireless link.
7. The space between two antennas would be more accurately represented by something similar to an ellipse. This elliptical region is called the Fresnel zone.
8. A(n) Spectrum analyzer displays the signal amplitude and frequency, and can also detect interference in a particular frequency or channel.

Lecture 5

1. FIR uses a modulation scheme called  4-pulse position modulation (4-PPM), in which information is conveyed by the position of a pulse within a time slot.
2. At the heart of the Bluetooth RF layer is a single radio transmitter/receiver (transceiver). This single tiny chip is called a Bluetooth radio module.
3. A group of piconets in which connections exist between different piconets is called a(n) scatternet.
4. In sniff mode, a slave device listens to the piconet master at a reduced rate so that it uses less power.
5. The upper ZigBee layers include mechanisms used by the devices to join a network, which is called association.
6. The superframe is a mechanism for managing transmission time in a piconet.
7. Encryption is the process of encoding communications, and ensures that the transmissions cannot be easily intercepted and decoded.
8. Sequential freshness is a security service used by the receiving device that ensures that the same frames will not be transmitted more than once.

Lecture 6

1. The WiMedia Alliance was formed to support the development of any necessary higher-layer protocols and software specifications for 802.15.3 and to perform various other administrative functions.
2. Quality-of-service (QOS) capabilities allow devices to request more channel access time in order to prioritize high-volume, time-sensitive traffic, such as voice stream.
3. The piconet coordinator (PNC) is the device that provides all of the basic communications timing in a piconet.
4. The frame check sequence (FCS) is a 32-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC) field, a common technique for detecting data transmission errors.
5. Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks flood a Bluetooth device with so many frames that it is unable to communicate.
6. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a symmetric key encryption mechanism introduced by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the United States.
7. Hand-off is the ability of a device to move from one master or PNC to another without getting disconnected from the network in a network that extends beyond the communications range of each device that controls the communications.
8. Spectrum conflict is the potential for technologies using the same frequency bands to interfere with each other to the extent that they sometimes perform poorly when used within close range of each other.

Lecture 7

1. A(n) Mini PCI is a small card that is functionally equivalent to a standard PCI expansion card.
2. The AP will automatically select the highest possible data rate for transmission, depending on the strength and quality of the signal. This process is called dynamic rate selection.
3. The 802.11 standard defines a local area network that provides cable-free data access for clients that are either mobile or in a fixed location at a rate of either 1 or 2 Mbps, using either diffused infrared or RF transmission.
4. Even though it contains data, a 802.11 frame’s size is not measured in bits but in time slots.
5. One type of channel access method is polling. With this method, each computer is sequentially polled, or asked if it wants to transmit.
6. 802.11b standard power management allows the mobile client’s NIC to be off as much as possible to conserve battery life but still not miss out on data transmissions.
7. In the 802.11b standard, management frames are used to set up the initial communications between a client and the AP.
8. The Distributed coordination function interframe space (DIFS) is a standard time interval during which all clients must wait between transmissions of data frames.

Lecture 8

1. IEEE 802.11a uses the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) band.
2. With an 802.11a WLAN, each AP can use one of 8 available channels.
3. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) primary function is to split a high-speed digital signal into several slower signals running in parallel.
4. True or False: The IEEE 802.11g standard specifies that it operates in the same frequency band as 802.11b
5. Wireless bridges are designed to connect two wired networks or to extend the range of a WLAN.
6. Authentication is a process that verifies that the client device has permission to access the network.
7. WPA2 is the version of WPA that has been certified by the IEEE to be compatible with IEEE 802.11i.
8. Virtual private networks (VPNs) use an encrypted connection to create a virtual tunnel between two points across a public or corporate network.

Lecture 9

1. A(n) broadband transmission sends multiple signals at different frequencies.
2. Scintillation is defined as the temporal and spatial variations in light intensity caused by atmospheric turbulence.
3. Local multipoint distribution service (LMDS) is a fixed broadband technology that can provide a wide variety of wireless services.
4. True or False: Multichannel multipoint distribution service (MMDS) is a fixed broadband wireless technology that has many similarities to LMDS.
5. A data transmission to or from a single device is called a(n) burst in the 802.16 standard.
6. Latency is the amount of time delay that it takes a packet to travel from source to destination device.
7. Jitter is the maximum delay variation between two consecutive packets over a period of time.
8. RSA is an algorithm developed in 1977 by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman.

Lecture 10

1. Short Message Services (SMS) allows for the delivery of short, text-based messages between wireless devices, such as cellular telephones and pagers.
2. The mobile telecommunications switching office (MTSO) is the link between the cellular network and the wired telephone world, and controls all transmitters and base stations in the cellular network.
3. 1G technology is based on the Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS).
4. True or False: W-CDMA adds a packet-switched data channel to a circuit-switched voice channel.
5. A WML document is called a deck that contains one or more blocks, known as cards.
6. The Java programming language was developed by Sun Microsystems as an object-oriented language used for general-purpose business programming, as well as interactive Web sites.
7. The single largest factor limiting the development of 3G is spectrum.
8. Low earth orbit (LEO) satellites circle the Earth at an altitude of 200 to 900 miles (321 to 1,448 kilometers).

Lecture 11

1. One class of active tags is called beacons because they transmit on a periodic basis, without receiving an interrogation from a reader.
2. The mobile telecommunications switching office (MTSO) is the link between the cellular network and the wired telephone world and controls all transmitters and base stations in the cellular network.
3. Sensory tags, as their name indicates, can be equipped with thermal, gas, smoke, pressure, and a variety of other kinds of sensors to monitor and record environmental conditions, liquid volume levels, or attempts to tamper with a product.
4. With EPCs, companies will be able to acquire the manufacturer’s name over the Internet using a service from EPCglobal Inc. called Object Name Service (ONS).
5. HF RFID transmission uses a protocol called slotted terminating adaptive protocol (STAC), in which the tags reply within randomly selected positions or time intervals, referred to as slots.
6. After the destroy password is transmitted by the reader, the tag is permanently disabled and can never be read or written to again.
7. True or False: In hospitals, RFID tags in a patient’s identification bracelet can provide vital information that cannot be easily misplaced.
8. A(n) blocker tag is a device that can be used to simulate the presence of a virtually infinite number of tags.

Lecture 12

1. True or False: Industry experts agree that access to corporate data from almost anywhere is the greatest advantage of wireless technology.
2. Wireless VoIP phones, the telephone handsets that connect to a WLAN’s access point (AP), enable you to use the WLAN for regular telephone calls.
3. Wireless VoIP SOHO routers can be connected to a DSL or cable modem and provide both a WLAN and telephone services through the user’s Internet connection.
4. True or False: The human factor in implementing wireless technology is sometimes a significant obstacle.
5. Upfront costs are costs that are necessary to start a project.
6. A(n) Upfront is a detailed planning document that is sent to potential vendors with precise specifications for the products and services that the organization intends to buy.
7. A(n) wireless application service provider (WASP) can design and create a wireless application to run on a specific range of devices.
8. A(n) help desk is a central point of contact for users who need assistance using technology.

Direct YouTube Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=peYSjTxnzK0
Direct Vimeo Link: http://www.vimeo.com/12230792

Cost-Effective Scalability, Oh-my!

Lightweight Models & Cost-Effective Scalability, Oh-my!

Lightweight Models & Cost-Effective Scalability, Oh-my!

It might seem like a quest to have the best of everything but Lightweight Models & Cost-Effective Scalability isn’t that mythical. You don’t have to battle the the wicked witches, but that doesn’t say it is a simple path to take either.

So lets talk about an example that exists out there already:

Wikipedia – www.wikipedia.org

We all know what Wikipedia is but in case you missed it (perhaps your just starting to use a computer?), Wikipedia is a free-content encyclopedia that is based on an openly=editable model. It allows users to add articles/pages and also edit existing ones in a self organising way.

So lets take a look at some stats and see how large Wikipedia is, bear in mind this is only the English side of Wikipedia and doesn’t count for other languages.

I’ve also put together a more visual representation taken from the wiki stats page, Click to enlarge the view!

So there is no doubt that Wikipedia is large, and they have use an Open Source, Scalable solution across multiple servers, multiple countries, etc. All with less than 30 staff members dedicated staff members. Of course you don’t have to be as large as wikipedia to use the software and there are in fact many smaller sites that use the same software. You might not have the large economies of scale either, and that doesn’t matter because there are effective solutions out there.

Enter LAMP, a solution stack of open source software that is ready to take on your needs. LAMP is actually an acronym (not a light stand) that represents the key open source software packages.

Linux – An operating system
Apache – A HTTP web server
MySQL – Database software
PHP – A language in which you can code web pages

LAMP allows you set up and host your own site with ease, it is scalable and as for the cost effect side – it is Open Source. I’ve heard lots of rumours but I haven’t been able to find any ‘hard facts’, but major sites like Facebook and Flicr are based on LAMP, or at least were at some stage. I could say my site is based on a LAMP distro to also make a point (but it isn’t), however there is nothing stopping you from starting your own site and doing so.

The next biggest craze though is cloud-computing and business creating their sites of API’s, and renting CPU power from Google, while hosting data on Amazon S3, etc. The reason I avoided this is because it is very much on the hype cycle and I don’t feel comfortable not having that much control. This might be changing (and it looks so), but it is hard to recommend outsourcing a solution when you can get started yourself easily with LAMP!

The long tail describes a wider range of products that are more specific getting sold less often, rather than the ‘head’ being more common/generic products being sold more often. A great image create by leftclick can be seen below:

Effectively the dinosaur represents a curve on the graph, where there more generic or common a product, the increase of the results. On the other end the more specific the term, the less results occur. Following the example by leftclick, how would you leverage the long tail in web 2.0?

If you were in the hotel business and you had a resort you could describe yourself as a ‘hotel’ or perhaps even the location your hotel was. This would be a very generic term, and really ‘the head’. If you were more specific, you could use key works such as ‘accommodation’, ‘Queenstown’, ‘backpacker’, ‘wheelchair access’, ‘pets allowed’ and the results would be fairly narrow. Putting this keywords into Google may give you the results of a few million (the head), to a few hundred or less (the tail).

The more specific your key words, the more specific your audience – leveraging the long tail can yield lower costs in advertising while also increasing your conversion rate.

By doing the following you can target advertisements on the long tail in the example above. This also means you will have lower costs (because there is less competition) and have higher conversion rates (because the target audience is looking for services similar to what you offer).

Another great tip is from leftclick is focused pages, targeted at these specialised search terms. What this basically means is, don’t rely on your advertisements bringing in visitors, create pages or content so the search engines results will list the page (in in turn bring them to your site). In the above example creating an online guest book, or encouraging user reviews (even better if they blog about it and link to your site) are a few good ways to create content.

So what if your a site like Amazon? Similar approach works but there is a few more tips which you can use. If you have a large product range, once the visitor is on your site you might want to direct them towards more generic items you have for sale. The products are more popular and as a first time vistior you might be more interested.

Perhaps you’ve become a member of a site like Amazon and bought a few items. Soon you wont to direct your members towards a little more ‘specific’ material. This will have the opposite effect in that existing members who have seen the common/generic stuff can get pushed towards the more specific terms. By doing this you are encouraging existing users to branch out more.

Perpetual – perpetually – In a perpetual manner; Seeming to never end; endlessly; constantly
en.wiktionary.org/wiki/perpetually

Beta – A software release is the distribution (whether public or private) of an initial or upgraded version of a computer software product. The software engineers and company doing the work decide on how to distribute the program or system, or changes to that pre downloads and compact discs.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_(software_development)

Perpetual Beta – Perpetual beta is a term used to describe software or a system which remains at the beta development stage for an extended or even indefinite period of time. It is often used by developers in order to allow them to constantly release new features that might not be fully tested.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_beta

Perpetual Beta in Web 2.0 is used to describe an online service which remains under constant development. At great example of this was Gmail.

Google’s Gmail service launched on the 1st of April, 2004 as an invite only service. I remained as an invite only service for nearly 3 years before becoming open to the public (7th of February, 2007). It was still labeled a Beta for another 2 years until the lifted the Beta labelled along with the rest of the Google Apps Suite on the 7th of July, 2009.

During its time in Beta Google constantly introduced new features and changed its services. Introducing new languages, enabled IMAP support, increasing the mailbox size, integration with Google Docs, custom themes, Google labs and many more. Click here for a history of Gmail.

So why label something a Beta? Generally if something is in Beta you can expect some things not to work, and problems arise. This is all part of harnessing the collective intelligence to develop the product, find bugs and provided feedback to make a better product. Without having a web 2.0 application or service you will be stuck in the traditional software life cycle which can cost more, take longer and not be as effective.

So why take the Beta label off after so many years? From an Infrastructure perspective you don’t deploy products that are in Beta. You deploy products that a ready that have no expected bugs or problems. Google understood this concept so after around 5 years the finally took the Beta label of. This changes how a business can look at a product and it will allow business to evaluate Gmail and related apps as a potential solution. Previously this would have been ruled out straight away because it wasn’t ready, it was in ‘beta’ and a business can’t afford to have systems that are un-reliable.

So while the main service of Gmail isn’t in Beta anymore there are still more features on going. Google introduced Google Labs which is an opt-in only service that lest to add features and functionality that are in a ‘Beta’ phase. I actually use some of these myself such as multiple inboxes, offline synchronisation, youtube preview in e-mails just to name a few. Once these have been tested enough they might make it to the core functionality of Gmail. So this is an example of a Web 2.0 service that is on a constant Perpetual Beta.

For a user to receive data from through the internet there is a least software running on the servers and and software running on the clients end to get this to work, however I don’t this this is the point Tim is trying to make. I like to think of the concept as software allowing you to do more with the device, than if the software was isolated.

Take for example the Foxtel’s IQ cable box. It allows you to view channels, record shows, bring up an EPG all on the device. This functionality is extended through an iPhone App or their website which allows you to program your IQ box through the internet. It has extended your experience from using the software on the device itself, to using web software/ application to view the EPG, schedule in shows to record without using the IQ box directly.

This has extended to other areas inside your home, take a look at the gaming industry. Sony has create an online community, integrated with its products called the Playstation Network (PSN), Microsoft has done the same with X-Box Live and Nintendo with their online community (although very limiting).

I’ve been trying to stay from examples such as Google Maps, E-Mail, Search, Images, Docs, etc simply because it there is so much to talk about and how their software through API’s, Common Protocols, Applications, etc allows their own software to be used on a wide range of devices, but really if you look at any of them you could drill down and see how they are examples of software above the level of a single device. In fact, Minterest.com published an article recently called ‘Over 60 Google Products & Services You Probably Don’t Know‘ that gives you a break down on what Google offers. There is actually a fair few I didn’t know about and haven’t used.

Another similar example of been trying to escape is how the iPhone connects into iTunes on your computer. This then allows you to configure the device, sync selected data such as photos, music, playlists, applications, bookmarks, etc. While iTunes is allowing you to download music, update software on the phone, subscribe to podcasts, add lyrics to songs, download album artwork, etc all without using the iPhone itself. This can all then can synchronised back to the phone. Apple have then added in another software component called mobile.me which could deserve a post in itself (Take a look at Anthony Nicolaides’s post on ‘MobileMe above the level of a single iDevice‘ to find out more).

Looking back on how far we have come in nearly three years. There is still a lot more companies can achieve by providing ‘software above the level of a single device’ as there a still plenty of gaps above. With cloud computing increasing in popularity and continued progression of technology it really is becoming an easier world to live in. All we need now is for companies to not lock themselves into a ‘walled garden’ and the ease of synchronising myself to the digital world will become second nature (Wow! I feel like a holiday, looking at how much I use technology in my daily life.. perhaps I’ll Google holiday resorts on my iPhone).

The reason you revisit a website is normally because it has updated, there is new data, you have found a purpose to return and all of this is intended to generates a rich user experience that makes you want to return. There are however ways of getting ahead of the crowd and making that user experiences better.

10 years ago you might have been tempted to use animated graphics on a page with some fancy DHTML coding to make you think ‘wow, that’s cool’, however technology has advanced and so should your website. Today a site will use AJAX, PHP, .NET, HTML 5 to create a richer experience for the user. These standards allows a developer to load content that refreshes automatically, embed videos, images, upload data, etc.

The next level up is creating a Rich Internet Application. Now you might be thinking application in the sense of a program you find under the menu in your computer but I’m talking about a Rich Internet Application that uses Adobe Flash, Java or Microsoft Silverlight (the three biggest players in the area). Before you can actually view something in Flash, Java or Silverlight you will need to download and install the plug-in. However once installed you will be able to download a small application on the website and run it in your browser. There are however downfalls in going this way. Silverlight doesn’t work in Linux, Flash doesn’t work on most mobile devices, Java can be problematic on some PC’s, etc which need to be taken into consideration.

So lets move on to some examples! There are plenty out there so I’ve just decided to to pick an example site from Adobe Flash, Java and Microsoft Silverlight:

Adobe Flash – Donnie Darko (the movie)

This one I might be a little Biased to as I really enjoyed the movie and when I discovered the website I was impressed. The website is based on flash and is a great example of a RIA (Rich Internet Application). It combines, text, video, audio and takes the user on a journey through the website. In fact it is a challenge the whole way through as information is provided through to you in short bursts, mouse clicks are hidden at times and you are prompted to put in passwords to open the next section (should you be clever enough to work it out from the information provided).

Java – Yahoo! Games

Yahoo! Games are based on Java. I’ll rephrase that. Most of Yahoo!’s games that you play online use Java. They have a wide range from poker, scrabble, pool to Bejeweled. This has created an incredible series of RIA which gives the user a Rich User Experience that keeps them coming back! I would suggest to give it a try, but I warn you that you may become addicted.

Microsoft Silverlight  - Silverlight.net Showcase

Silverlight is the newest of the three, however this doesn’t mean it hasn’t got any attention. In fact Stat Owl, has showed that Silverlight is slowly growing in market share. The showcase site itself is in in Silverlight, but it provides many examples (over 900) of websites that are using Silverlight. These range from MMORPG, public transport, geospatial imagery to dynamic bar graphs.

Let me know if you have any stand-out examples of Rich Internet Applications!

Twitter, the online social networking site is a great example of an innovative company embracing this technology. Although their premise is simple (allowing its users to post text-based messages of up to 140 characters long), they have adopted APIs, which allow other web services and applications to integrate with their site.

Some examples of applications and other sites that have used API’s twitter have provided are as follows:

Another Tweet On The Wall – Enter in a Hash tag it will start to display random twitter posts in a nice flash page one at a time. If the user has posted a link to a picture (also through an API), then it will load the image and display it as the background.

Twitter Updates – I totally forgot, but on my site you can see that there is a section on the side which show my latest twitter posts. It pulls the data through the use of twitter’s API’s.

Twitterrific - Desktop application for the Mac which lets you use all of twitters features, without ever needing to go to the original site. They also provided an application for the iPhone which does similar things.

In fact, there are far too many examples to write down here so if you are interested check out the following sites which have more examples, and tutorials on Twitter API’s.

• Smashing Magazine – 50 Twitter Tools and Tutorials for Designers and Developers
• Twitter API Wiki – The official Twitter API wiki, including resources, helps, examples and further information.

The use of API’s in Web 2.0 provide unforeseen opportunities to the core website. It allows 3rd party developers to use the data inside the website and extend the features, functionality in creative and innovative ways.

Google is one example of a service that has transformed dramatically over the last decade. It primarily began as a unique way for consumers to search through the Internet using special text-matching techniques. However, over the years it has grown to encompass other technologies and services, such as e-mailing, online mapping, social networking and video sharing. These new services have only been made possible by taking advantage of Google’s enormous range of data collected and stored over the years.

Above is an image I produced using TouchGraph.com doing a search for ‘google’, which visually displays the major links associated with Google.com. You can try it out yourself!

The Google information database is extremely valuable, with each new web application heavily reliant on this information. Effective database management has become an absolute necessity for the company and the data it holds has become extremely valuable. With out this data, Google’s services wouldn’t exist. This is also a major challenge for any new comer to the market as they will be starting off with an ‘empty’ database as such.

As Web 2.0 sites grow and develop, their data will become increasingly important. Websites such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Wikipedia place less emphasis on providing content themselves, and a move to user-generated content. There is a far greater focus on the conservations between users, as opposed to providing a place for advertisers to promote brands. Between 700,000 and 1.3 million blogs are made daily and according to Google, a new blog post is being created every second of every day (James, 2009).

There have been many ethical and legal questions raised regarding the website’s privacy settings. Facebook has been featured on many news programs both locally and internationally, with people questioning whether its privacy settings are indeed safe and confidential for each user. Clearly, being in control of this large range of data is a huge and challenging responsibility.

Since many Web 2.0 services thrive on the participation between users, data storage services become more valuable. Consumers depend on these sites for a safe, fun and interactive environment to connect with other people and information. If the Web 2.0 site fails to provide this service, then the demand will reduce. It is becoming more apparent nowadays that the data found on a site is just as important as the actual software. Google has recently shown this to be the case with their investment to DigitalGlobes imagery and geodata. As technology progresses, we demand more than what the Intel Inside chip has to offer. People now have an interactive environment, where communication is fast, simple and reliable.

James, L April 2009, ‘Should you advertise on social networking websites?’, World Advertising Research Centre, viewed 10 July 2009